Skip to main content
Deno 2 is finally here 🎉️
Learn more

Arcsecond Deno

a deno port of the arcsecond library by Francis Stokes

Note this is just a copy of the original repo without the node stuff

Arcsecond is a zero-dependency, Fantasy Land compliant JavaScript Parser Combinator library largely inspired by Haskell’s Parsec.

The arcsecond-binary peer library includes parsers specifically for working with binary data.

Release Notes

Since version 2.0.0, the release notes track changes to arcsecond.

Installation

npm i arcsecond

Tutorials

The tutorials provide a practical introduction to many of the concepts in arcsecond, starting from the most basic foundations and working up to more complex topics.

Usage

You can use ES6 imports or CommonJS requires.

const {char} = require('arcsecond');

const parsingResult = char('a').fork(
  // The string to parse
  'abc123',

  // The error handler (you can also return from this function!)
  (error, parsingState) => {
    const e = new Error(error);
    e.parsingState = parsingState;
    throw e;
  },

  // The success handler
  (result, parsingState) => {
    console.log(`Result: ${result}`);
    return result;
  }
);

Running the examples

git clone git@github.com:francisrstokes/arcsecond.git
cd arcsecond
npm i

# json example
node -r esm examples/json/json.js

The examples are built as es6 modules, which means they need node to be launched with the -r esm require flag, which allows import and export statements to be used.

API

Non-essential note on the types: This documentation is using Hindley-Milner type signatures to show the types of function arguments and the return value.

The main “type” in arcsecond is Parser e a s:

  • The e refers to a possible error which this parser may generate.
  • The a refers to a possible value which this parser may capture.
  • The s refers to a general user-defined state associated with the parser.

Methods

.run

.run :: Parser e a s ~> x -> Either e a

.run is a method on every parser, which takes input (which may be a string, TypedArray, ArrayBuffer, or DataView), and returns the result of parsing the input using the parser.

Example

str('hello').run('hello')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "hello",
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

.fork

.fork :: Parser e a s ~> x -> (e -> ParserState e a s -> f) -> (a -> ParserState e a s -> b)

The .fork method is similar to .run. It takes input (which may be a string, TypedArray, ArrayBuffer, or DataView), an error transforming function and a success transforming function, and parses the input. If parsing was successful, the result is transformed using the success transforming function and returned. If parsing was not successful, the result is transformed using the error transforming function and returned.

Example

str('hello').fork(
  'hello',
  (errorMsg, parsingState) => {
    console.log(errorMsg);
    console.log(parsingState);
    return "goodbye"
  },
  (result, parsingState) => {
    console.log(parsingState);
    return result;
  }
);
// [console.log] Object {isError: false, error: null, target: "hello", data: null, index: 5, …}
// -> "hello"

str('hello').fork(
  'farewell',
  (errorMsg, parsingState) => {
    console.log(errorMsg);
    console.log(parsingState);
    return "goodbye"
  },
  (result, parsingState) => {
    console.log(parsingState);
    return result;
  }
);
// [console.log] ParseError (position 0): Expecting string 'hello', got 'farew...'
// [console.log] Object {isError: true, error: "ParseError (position 0): Expecting string 'hello',…", target: "farewell", data: null, index: 0, …}
// "goodbye"

.map

.map :: Parser e a s ~> (a -> b) -> Parser e b s

.map takes a function and returns a parser does not consume input, but instead runs the provided function on the last matched value, and set that as the new last matched value. This method can be used to apply structure or transform the values as they are being parsed.

Example

const newParser = letters.map(x => ({
  matchType: 'string',
  value: x
});

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: {
//        matchType: "string",
//        value: "hello"
//      },
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

.chain

.chain :: Parser e a s ~> (a -> Parser e b s) -> Parser e b s

.chain takes a function which recieves the last matched value and should return a parser. That parser is then used to parse the following input, forming a chain of parsers based on previous input. .chain is the fundamental way of creating contextual parsers.

Example

const lettersThenSpace = sequenceOf([
  letters,
  char(' ')
]).map(x => x[0]);

const newParser = lettersThenSpace.chain(matchedValue => {
  switch (matchedValue) {
    case 'number': return digits;

    case 'string': return letters;

    case 'bracketed': return sequenceOf([
      char('('),
      letters,
      char(')')
    ]).map(values => values[1]);

    default: return fail('Unrecognised input type');
  }
});

newParser.run('string Hello')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "Hello",
//      index: 12,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('number 42')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "42",
//      index: 9,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('bracketed (arcsecond)')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "arcsecond",
//      index: 21,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('nope nothing')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "Unrecognised input type",
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

.mapFromData

.mapFromData :: Parser e a s ~> (StateData a s -> b) -> Parser e b s

.mapFromData is almost the same as .map, except the function which it is passed also has access to the internal state data, and can thus transform values based on this data.

Example

const parserWithData = withData(letters.mapFromData(({result, data}) => ({
  matchedValueWas: result,
  internalDataWas: data
})));

parserWithData(42).run('hello');
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: {
//        matchedValueWas: "hello",
//        internalDataWas: 42
//      },
//      index: 5,
//      data: 42
//    }

.chainFromData

.chainFromData :: Parser e a s ~> (StateData a s -> Parser f b t) -> Parser f b t

.chainFromData is almost the same as .chain, except the function which it is passed also has access to the internal state data, and can choose how parsing continues based on this data.

Example

const lettersThenSpace = sequenceOf([
  letters,
  char(' ')
]).map(x => x[0]);

const parser = withData(lettersThenSpace.chainFromData(({result, data}) => {
  if (data.bypassNormalApproach) {
    return digits;
  }

  return letters;
}));

parser({ bypassNormalApproach: false }).run('hello world');
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "world",
//      index: 11,
//      data: { bypassNormalApproach: false }
//    }

parser({ bypassNormalApproach: true }).run('hello world');
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "ParseError (position 6): Expecting digits",
//      index: 6,
//      data: { bypassNormalApproach: true }
//    }

.errorMap

.errorMap :: Parser e a s ~> ((e, Integer, s) -> f) -> Parser f a s

.errorMap is like .map but it transforms the error value. The function passed to .errorMap gets an object the current error message (error) , the index (index) that parsing stopped at, and the data (data) from this parsing session.

Example

const newParser = letters.errorMap(({error, index}) => `Old message was: [${error}] @ index ${index}`);

newParser.run('1234')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "Old message was: [ParseError (position 0): Expecting letters] @ index 0",
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

.errorChain

.errorChain :: Parser e a s ~> ((e, Integer, s) -> Parser f a s) -> Parser f a s

.errorChain is almost the same as .chain, except that it only runs if there is an error in the parsing state. This is a useful method when either trying to recover from errors, or for when a more specific error message should be constructed.

Example

const parser = digits.errorChain(({error, index, data}) => {
  console.log('Recovering...');
  return letters;
});

p.run('42');
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "42",
//      index: 2,
//      data: null
//    }

p.run('hello');
// [console.log] Recovering...
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "hello",
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

s = parser.run('');
// [console.log] Recovering...
// -> {
//     isError: true,
//     error: "ParseError (position 0): Expecting letters",
//     index: 0,
//     data: null
//   }

Functions

setData

setData :: t -> Parser e a t

setData takes anything that should be set as the internal state data, and returns a parser that will perform that side effect when the parser is run. This does not consume any input. If parsing is currently in an errored state, then the data will not be set.

Example

const parser = coroutine(function* () {
  const name = yield letters;

  if (name === 'Jim') {
    yield setData('The name is Jim');
  }

  return name;
});

parser.run('Jim');
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "Jim",
//      index: 3,
//      data: "The name is Jim"
//    }

If dealing with any complex level of state - such as an object where individual keys will be updated or required, then it can be useful to create utility parsers to assist with updating the internal state data. One possible pattern that could be used is the reducer pattern, famed by redux:

Example

const createStateReducer = reducer => action => getData.chain(state => setData(reducer(state, action)));

const updateCounterState = createStateReducer((state = 0, action) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case 'INC': {
      return state + 1;
    }
    case 'DEC': {
      return state - 1;
    }
    case 'ADD': {
      return state + action.payload;
    }
    case 'RESET': {
      return 0;
    }
  }
});

const parser = coroutine(function* () {
  let count = yield updateCounterState({ type: 'RESET' });
  console.log(count);

  yield updateCounterState({ type: 'INC' });
  yield updateCounterState({ type: 'INC' });
  yield updateCounterState({ type: 'DEC' });
  count = yield updateCounterState({ type: 'INC' });
  console.log(count);

  return yield updateCounterState({ type: 'ADD', payload: 10 });
});

parser.run('Parser is not looking at the text!');
// [console.log] 0
// [console.log] 2
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: 12,
//      index: 0,
//      data: 12
//    }

withData

withData :: Parser e a x -> s -> Parser e a s

withData takes a provided parser, and returns a function waiting for some state data to be set, and then returns a new parser. That parser, when run, ensures that the state data is set as the internal state data before the provided parser runs.

Example

const parserWithoutData = letters;
const parser = withData(parserWithoutData);

parser("hello world!").run('Jim');
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "Jim",
//      index: 3,
//      data: "hello world!"
//    }

parserWithoutData.run('Jim');
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "Jim",
//      index: 3,
//      data: null
//    }

mapData

mapData :: (s -> t) -> Parser e a t

mapData takes a function that recieves and returns some state data, and transforms the internal state data using the function, without consuming any input.

Example

const parser = withData(mapData(s => s.toUpperCase()));

parser("hello world!").run('Jim');
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: null,
//      index: 0,
//      data: "HELLO WORLD!"
//    }

getData

getData :: Parser e s s

getData is a parser that will always return what is contained in the internal state data, without consuming any input.

Example

const parser = withData(sequenceOf([
  letters,
  digits,
  getData
]));

parser("hello world!").run('Jim1234');
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: ["Jim", "1234", "hello world!"],
//      index: 3,
//      data: "hello world!"
//    }

If dealing with any complex level of state - such as an object where individual keys will be updated or required, then it can be useful to create utility parsers to assist.

Example

const selectState = selectorFn => getData.map(selectorFn);

const parser = withData(coroutine(function* () {
  // Here we can take or transform the state
  const occupation = yield selectState(({job}) => job);
  const initials = yield selectState(({firstName, lastName}) => `${firstName[0]}${lastName[0]}`);

  console.log(`${initials}: ${occupation}`);

  const first = yield letters;
  const second = yield digits;

  return `${second}${first}`;
}));

parser({
  firstName: "Francis",
  lastName: "Stokes",
  job: "Developer"
}).run('Jim1234');
// [console.log] FS: Developer
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "1234Jim",
//      index: 3,
//      data: {
//        firstName: "Francis",
//        lastName: "Stokes",
//        job: "Developer"
//      }
//    }

coroutine

coroutine :: (() -> Iterator (Parser e a s)) -> Parser e a s

coroutine takes a generator function, in which parsers are yielded. coroutine allows you to write parsers in a more imperative and sequential way - in much the same way async/await allows you to write code with promises in a more sequential way.

Inside of the generator function, you can use all regular JavaScript language features, like loops, variable assignments, and conditional statements. This makes it easy to write very powerful parsers using coroutine, but on the other side it can lead to less readable, more complex code.

Debugging is also much easier, as breakpoints can be easily added, and values logged to the console after they have been parsed.

Example

const parser = coroutine(function* () {
  // Capture some letters and assign them to a variable
  const name = yield letters;

  // Capture a space
  yield char(' ');

  const age = yield digits.map(Number);

  // Capture a space
  yield char(' ');

  if (age > 18) {
    yield str('is an adult');
  } else {
    yield str('is a child');
  }

  return { name, age };
});

parser.run('Jim 19 is an adult');
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: { name: "Jim", age: 19 },
//      index: 18,
//      data: null
//    }

parser.run('Jim 17 is an adult');
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "ParseError (position 7): Expecting string 'is a child', got 'is an adul...'",
//      index: 7,
//      data: null
//    }

char

char :: Char -> Parser e Char s

char takes a character and returns a parser that matches that character exactly one time.

Example

char ('h').run('hello')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "h",
//      index: 1,
//      data: null
//    }

anyChar

anyChar :: Parser e Char s

anyChar matches exactly one utf-8 character.

Example

anyChar.run('a')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "a",
//      index: 1,
//      data: null
//    }

anyChar.run('😉')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "😉",
//      index: 4,
//      data: null
//    }

str

str :: String -> Parser e String s

str takes a string and returns a parser that matches that string exactly one time.

Example

str('hello').run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "hello",
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

digit

digit :: Parser e String s

digit is a parser that matches exactly one numerical digit /[0-9]/.

Example

digit.run('99 bottles of beer on the wall')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "9",
//      index: 1,
//      data: null
//    }

digits

digits :: Parser e String s

digits is a parser that matches one or more numerical digit /[0-9]/.

Example

digits.run('99 bottles of beer on the wall')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "99",
//      index: 2,
//      data: null
//    }

letter

letter :: Parser e Char s

letter is a parser that matches exactly one alphabetical letter /[a-zA-Z]/.

Example

letter.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "h",
//      index: 1,
//      data: null
//    }

letters

letters :: Parser e Char s

letters is a parser that matches one or more alphabetical letter /[a-zA-Z]/.

Example

letters.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "hello",
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

whitespace

whitespace :: Parser e String s

whitespace is a parser that matches one or more whitespace characters.

Example

const newParser = sequenceOf ([
  str ('hello'),
  whitespace,
  str ('world')
]);

newParser.run('hello           world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "hello", "           ", "world" ],
//      index: 21,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('helloworld')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "ParseError 'many1' (position 5): Expecting to match at least one value",
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

optionalWhitespace

optionalWhitespace :: Parser e String s

optionalWhitespace is a parser that matches zero or more whitespace characters.

Example

const newParser = sequenceOf ([
  str ('hello'),
  optionalWhitespace,
  str ('world')
]);

newParser.run('hello           world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "hello", "           ", "world" ],
//      index: 21,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('helloworld')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "hello", "", "world" ],
//      index: 10,
//      data: null
//    }

peek

peek :: Parser e String s

peek matches exactly one numerical byte without consuming any input.

Example

peek.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: 104,
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

sequenceOf([
  str('hello'),
  peek
]).run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "hello", 32 ],
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

anyOfString

anyOfString :: String -> Parser e Char s

anyOfString takes a string and returns a parser that matches exactly one character from that string.

Example

anyOfString('aeiou').run('unusual string')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "u",
//      index: 1,
//      data: null
//    }

regex

regex :: RegExp -> Parser e String s

regex takes a RegExp and returns a parser that matches as many characters as the RegExp matches.

Example

regex(/^[hH][aeiou].{2}o/).run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "hello",
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

sequenceOf

sequenceOf :: [Parser * * *] -> Parser * [*] *

Note: sequenceOf cannot have an accurate type signature in JavaScript

sequenceOf takes an array of parsers, and returns a new parser that matches each of them sequentially, collecting up the results into an array.

Example

const newParser = sequenceOf ([
  str ('he'),
  letters,
  char (' '),
  str ('world'),
])

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "he", "llo", " ", "world" ],
//      index: 11,
//      data: null
//    }

namedSequenceOf

namedSequenceOf :: [(String, Parser * * *)] -> Parser e (StrMap *) s

Note: namedSequenceOf cannot have an accurate type signature in JavaScript

namedSequenceOf takes an array of string/parser pairs, and returns a new parser that matches each of them sequentially, collecting up the results into an object where the key is the string in the pair.

A pair is just an array in the form: [string, parser]

Example

const newParser = namedSequenceOf ([
  ['firstPart', str ('he')],
  ['secondPart', letters],
  ['thirdPart', char (' ')],
  ['forthPart', str ('world')],
])

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: {
//        firstPart: "he",
//        secondPart: "llo",
//        thirdPart: " ",
//        forthPart: "world"
//      },
//      index: 11,
//      data: null
//    }

choice

choice :: [Parser * * *] -> Parser * * *

Note: choice cannot have an accurate type signature in JavaScript

choice takes an array of parsers, and returns a new parser that tries to match each one of them sequentially, and returns the first match. If choice fails, then it returns the error message of the parser that matched the most from the string.

Example

const newParser = choice ([
  digit,
  char ('!'),
  str ('hello'),
  str ('pineapple')
])

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "hello",
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

lookAhead

lookAhead :: Parser e a s -> Parser e a s

lookAhead takes look ahead parser, and returns a new parser that matches using the look ahead parser, but without consuming input.

Example

const newParser = sequenceOf ([
  str ('hello '),
  lookAhead (str ('world')),
  str ('wor')
]);

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "hello ", "world", "wor" ],
//      index: 9,
//      data: null
//    }

sepBy

sepBy :: Parser e a s -> Parser e b s -> Parser e [b] s

sepBy takes two parsers - a separator parser and a value parser - and returns a new parser that matches zero or more values from the value parser that are separated by values of the separator parser. Because it will match zero or more values, this parser will fail if a value is followed by a separator but NOT another value. If there’s no value, the result will be an empty array, not failure.

Example

const newParser = sepBy (char (',')) (letters)

newParser.run('some,comma,separated,words')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "some", "comma", "separated", "words" ],
//      index: 26,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [],
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('12345')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [],
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

sepBy1

sepBy1 :: Parser e a s -> Parser e b s -> Parser e [b] s

sepBy1 is the same as sepBy, except that it matches one or more occurence.

Example

const newParser = sepBy1 (char (',')) (letters)

newParser.run('some,comma,separated,words')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "some", "comma", "separated", "words" ],
//      index: 26,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('1,2,3')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "ParseError 'sepBy1' (position 0): Expecting to match at least one separated value",
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

exactly

exactly :: (Integer) -> (Parser e s a) -> Parser e s [a]

exactly takes a positive number and returns a function. That function takes a parser and returns a new parser which matches the given parser the specified number of times.

Example

const newParser = exactly (4)(letter)

newParser.run('abcdef')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ],
//      index: 4,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('abc')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: 'ParseError (position 0): Expecting 4 letter, but got end of input.',
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('12345')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: 'ParseError (position 0): Expecting 4 letter, got '1'',
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

many

many :: Parser e s a -> Parser e s [a]

many takes a parser and returns a new parser which matches that parser zero or more times. Because it will match zero or more values, this parser will always match, resulting in an empty array in the zero case.

Example

const newParser = many (str ('abc'))

newParser.run('abcabcabcabc')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "abc", "abc", "abc", "abc" ],
//      index: 12,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [],
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('12345')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [],
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

many1

many1 :: Parser e s a -> Parser e s [a]

many1 is the same as many, except that it matches one or more occurence.

Example

const newParser = many1 (str ('abc'))

newParser.run('abcabcabcabc')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "abc", "abc", "abc", "abc" ],
//      index: 12,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('')
// -> {
//   isError: true,
//   error: "ParseError 'many1' (position 0): Expecting to match at least one value",
//   index: 0,
//   data: null
// }

newParser.run('12345')
// -> {
//   isError: true,
//   error: "ParseError 'many1' (position 0): Expecting to match at least one value",
//   index: 0,
//   data: null
// }

between

between :: Parser e a s -> Parser e b s -> Parser e c s -> Parser e b s

between takes 3 parsers, a left parser, a right parser, and a value parser, returning a new parser that matches a value matched by the value parser, between values matched by the left parser and the right parser.

This parser can easily be partially applied with char ('(') and char (')') to create a betweenRoundBrackets parser, for example.

Example

const newParser = between (char ('<')) (char ('>')) (letters);

newParser.run('<hello>')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "hello",
//      index: 7,
//      data: null
//    }

const betweenRoundBrackets = between (char ('(')) (char (')'));

betweenRoundBrackets (many (letters)).run('(hello world)')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "ParseError (position 6): Expecting character ')', got ' '",
//      index: 6,
//      data: null
//    }

everythingUntil

everythingUntil :: Parser e a s -> Parser e String s

Note: Between 2.x and 3.x, the definition of the everythingUntil has changed. In 3.x, what was previously everythingUntil is now everyCharUntil.

everythingUntil takes a termination parser and returns a new parser which matches every possible numerical byte up until a value is matched by the termination parser. When a value is matched by the termination parser, it is not “consumed”.

Example

everythingUntil (char ('.')).run('This is a sentence.This is another sentence')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [84, 104, 105, 115, 32, 105, 115, 32, 97, 32, 115, 101, 110, 116, 101, 110, 99, 101],
//      index: 18,
//      data: null
//    }

// termination parser doesn't consume the termination value
const newParser = sequenceOf ([
  everythingUntil (char ('.')),
  str ('This is another sentence')
]);


newParser.run('This is a sentence.This is another sentence')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "ParseError (position 18): Expecting string 'This is another sentence', got '.This is another sentenc...'",
//      index: 18,
//      data: null
//    }

everyCharUntil

everyCharUntil :: Parser e a s -> Parser e String s

everyCharUntil takes a termination parser and returns a new parser which matches every possible character up until a value is matched by the termination parser. When a value is matched by the termination parser, it is not “consumed”.

Example

everyCharUntil (char ('.')).run('This is a sentence.This is another sentence')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: 'This is a sentence',
//      index: 18,
//      data: null
//    }

// termination parser doesn't consume the termination value
const newParser = sequenceOf ([
  everyCharUntil (char ('.')),
  str ('This is another sentence')
]);


newParser.run('This is a sentence.This is another sentence')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "ParseError (position 18): Expecting string 'This is another sentence', got '.This is another sentenc...'",
//      index: 18,
//      data: null
//    }

anythingExcept

anythingExcept :: Parser e a s -> Parser e Char s

Note: Between 2.x and 3.x, the definition of the anythingExcept has changed. In 3.x, what was previously anythingExcept is now anyCharExcept.

anythingExcept takes a exception parser and returns a new parser which matches exactly one numerical byte, if it is not matched by the exception parser.

Example

anythingExcept (char ('.')).run('This is a sentence.')
// -> {
//   isError: false,
//   result: 84,
//   index: 1,
//   data: null
// }

const manyExceptDot = many (anythingExcept (char ('.')))
manyExceptDot.run('This is a sentence.')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [84, 104, 105, 115, 32, 105, 115, 32, 97, 32, 115, 101, 110, 116, 101, 110, 99, 101, 46],
//      index: 18,
//      data: null
//    }

anyCharExcept

anyCharExcept :: Parser e a s -> Parser e Char s

anyCharExcept takes a exception parser and returns a new parser which matches exactly one character, if it is not matched by the exception parser.

Example

anyCharExcept (char ('.')).run('This is a sentence.')
// -> {
//   isError: false,
//   result: 'T',
//   index: 1,
//   data: null
// }

const manyExceptDot = many (anyCharExcept (char ('.')))
manyExceptDot.run('This is a sentence.')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: ['T', 'h', 'i', 's', ' ', 'i', 's', ' ', 'a', ' ', 's', 'e', 'n', 't', 'e', 'n', 'c', 'e'],
//      index: 18,
//      data: null
//    }

possibly

possibly :: Parser e a s -> Parser e (a | Null) s

possibly takes an attempt parser and returns a new parser which tries to match using the attempt parser. If it is unsuccessful, it returns a null value and does not “consume” any input.

Example

const newParser = sequenceOf ([
  possibly (str ('Not Here')),
  str ('Yep I am here')
]);

newParser.run('Yep I am here')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ null, "Yep I am here" ],
//      index: 13,
//      data: null
//    }

startOfInput

startOfInput :: Parser e String s

startOfInput is a parser that only succeeds when the parser is at the beginning of the input.

Example

const mustBeginWithHeading = sequenceOf([
    startOfInput,
    str("# ")
  ]);
const newParser = between(mustBeginWithHeading)(endOfInput)(everyCharUntil(endOfInput));

newParser.run('# Heading');
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "# Heading",
//      index: 9,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run(' # Heading');
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "ParseError (position 0): Expecting string '# ', got ' #...'",
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

endOfInput

endOfInput :: Parser e Null s

endOfInput is a parser that only succeeds when there is no more input to be parsed.

Example

const newParser = sequenceOf ([
  str ('abc'),
  endOfInput
]);

newParser.run('abc')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "abc", null ],
//      index: 3,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "ParseError (position 0): Expecting string 'abc', but got end of input.",
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

skip

skip :: Parser e a s -> Parser e a s

skip takes a skip parser and returns a new parser which matches using the skip parser, but doesn’t return its value, but instead the value of whatever came before it.

Example

const newParser = pipeParsers ([
  str ('abc'),
  str('123'),
  skip (str ('def'))
])

newParser.run('abc123def')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "123",
//      index: 9,
//      data: null
//    }

pipeParsers

pipeParsers :: [Parser * * *] -> Parser * * *

pipeParsers takes an array of parsers and composes them left to right, so each parsers return value is passed into the next one in the chain. The result is a new parser that, when run, yields the result of the final parser in the chain.

Example

const newParser = pipeParsers ([
  str ('hello'),
  char (' '),
  str ('world')
]);

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "world",
//      index: 11,
//      data: null
//    }

composeParsers

pipeParsers :: [Parser * * *] -> Parser * * *

composeParsers takes an array of parsers and composes them right to left, so each parsers return value is passed into the next one in the chain. The result is a new parser that, when run, yields the result of the final parser in the chain.

Example

const newParser = composeParsers ([
  str ('world'),
  char (' '),
  str ('hello')
]);

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "world",
//      index: 11,
//      data: null
//    }

takeRight

takeRight :: Parser e a s -> Parser f b t -> Parser f b t

takeRight takes two parsers, left and right, and returns a new parser that first matches the left, then the right, and keeps the value matched by the right.

Example

const newParser = takeRight (str ('hello ')) (str ('world'))

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "world",
//      index: 11,
//      data: null
//    }

takeLeft

takeLeft :: Parser e a s -> Parser f b t -> Parser e a s

takeLeft takes two parsers, left and right, and returns a new parser that first matches the left, then the right, and keeps the value matched by the left.

Example

const newParser = takeLeft (str ('hello ')) (str ('world'))

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "hello",
//      index: 11,
//      data: null
//    }

recursiveParser

recursiveParser :: (() => Parser e a s) -> Parser e a s

recursiveParser takes a function that returns a parser (a thunk), and returns that same parser. This is needed in order to create recursive parsers because JavaScript is not a “lazy” language.

In the following example both the value parser and the matchArray parser are defined in terms of each other, so one must be one must be defined using recursiveParser.

Example

const value = recursiveParser (() => choice ([
  matchNum,
  matchStr,
  matchArray
]));

const betweenSquareBrackets = between (char ('[')) (char (']'));
const commaSeparated = sepBy (char (','));
const spaceSeparated = sepBy (char (' '));

const matchNum = digits;
const matchStr = letters;
const matchArray = betweenSquareBrackets (commaSeparated (value));

spaceSeparated(value).run('abc 123 [42,somethingelse] 45')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "abc", "123", [ "42", "somethingelse" ], "45" ],
//      index: 29,
//      data: null
//    }

tapParser

tapParser :: (a => ()) -> Parser e a s

tapParser takes a function and returns a parser that does nothing and consumes no input, but runs the provided function on the last parsed value. This is intended as a debugging tool to see the state of parsing at any point in a sequential operation like sequenceOf or pipeParsers.

Example

const newParser = sequenceOf ([
  letters,
  tapParser(console.log),
  char (' '),
  letters
]);

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> [console.log]: Object {isError: false, error: null, target: "hello world", data: null, index: 5, …}
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "hello", "hello", " ", "world" ],
//      index: 11,
//      data: null
//    }

decide

decide :: (a -> Parser e b s) -> Parser e b s

decide takes a function that recieves the last matched value and returns a new parser. It’s important that the function always returns a parser. If a valid one cannot be selected, you can always use fail.

decide allows an author to create a context-sensitive grammar.

Example

const newParser = sequenceOf ([
  takeLeft (letters) (char (' ')),
  decide (v => {
    switch (v) {
      case 'asLetters': return letters;
      case 'asDigits': return digits;
      default: return fail(`Unrecognised signifier '${v}'`);
    }
  })
]);

newParser.run('asDigits 1234')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "asDigits", "1234" ],
//      index: 13,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('asLetters hello')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: [ "asLetters", "hello" ],
//      index: 15,
//      data: null
//    }

newParser.run('asPineapple wayoh')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "Unrecognised signifier 'asPineapple'",
//      index: 12,
//      data: null
//    }

mapTo

mapTo :: (a -> b) -> Parser e b s

mapTo takes a function and returns a parser does not consume input, but instead runs the provided function on the last matched value, and set that as the new last matched value. This function can be used to apply structure or transform the values as they are being parsed.

Example

const newParser = pipeParsers([
  letters,
  mapTo(x => {
    return {
      matchType: 'string',
      value: x
    }
  })
]);

newParser.run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: {
//        matchType: "string",
//        value: "hello"
//      },
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

errorMapTo

errorMapTo :: (ParserState e a s -> f) -> Parser f a s

errorMapTo is like mapTo but it transforms the error value. The function passed to errorMapTo gets the current error message as its first argument and the index that parsing stopped at as the second.

Example

const newParser = pipeParsers([
  letters,
  errorMapTo((message, index) => `Old message was: [${message}] @ index ${index}`)
]);

newParser.run('1234')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "Old message was: [ParseError (position 0): Expecting letters] @ index 0",
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

fail

fail :: e -> Parser e a s

fail takes an error message string and returns a parser that always fails with the provided error message.

Example

fail('Nope').run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: true,
//      error: "Nope",
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

succeedWith

succeedWith :: a -> Parser e a s

succeedWith takes an value and returns a parser that always matches that value and does not consume any input.

Example

succeedWith ('anything').run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "anything",
//      data: null
//      index: 0,
//    }

either

either :: Parser e a s -> Parser e (Either e a) s

either takes a parser and returns a parser that will always succeed, but the captured value will be an Either, indicating success or failure.

Example

either(fail('nope!')).run('hello world')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: {
//        isError: true,
//        value: "nope!"
//      },
//      index: 0,
//      data: null
//    }

toPromise

toPromise :: ParserResult e a s -> Promise (e, Integer, s) a

toPromise converts a ParserResult (what is returned from .run) into a Promise.

Example

const parser = str('hello');

toPromise(parser.run('hello world'))
  .then(console.log)
  .catch(({error, index, data}) => {
    console.log(error);
    console.log(index);
    console.log(data);
  });
// -> [console.log] hello

toPromise(parser.run('goodbye world'))
  .then(console.log)
  .catch(({error, index, data}) => {
    console.log('Error!');
    console.log(error);
    console.log(index);
    console.log(data);
  });
// -> [console.log] Error!
// -> [console.log] ParseError (position 0): Expecting string 'hello', got 'goodb...'
// -> [console.log] 0
// -> [console.log] null

toValue

toValue :: ParserResult e a s -> a

toValue converts a ParserResult (what is returned from .run) into a regular value, and throws an error if the result contained one.

Example

const result = str ('hello').run('hello worbackgroiund<hAld');

try {
  const value = toValue(result);
  console.log(value);
  // -> 'hello'
} catch (parseError) {
  console.error(parseError.message)
}

parse

parse :: Parser e a s -> String -> s -> Either e a

parse takes a parser and input (which may be a string, TypedArray, ArrayBuffer, or DataView), and returns the result of parsing the input using the parser.

Example

parse (str ('hello')) ('hello')
// -> {
//      isError: false,
//      result: "hello",
//      index: 5,
//      data: null
//    }

A note on recursive grammars

If you’re parsing a programming language, a configuration, or anything of sufficient complexity, it’s likely that you’ll need to define some parsers in terms of each other. You might want to do something like:

const value = choice ([
  matchNum,
  matchStr,
  matchArray
]);

const betweenSquareBrackets = between (char ('[')) (char (']'));
const commaSeparated = sepBy (char (','));

const matchNum = digits;
const matchStr = letters;
const matchArray = betweenSquareBrackets (commaSeparated (value));

In this example, we are trying to define value in terms of matchArray, and matchArray in terms of value. This is problematic in a language like JavaScript because it is what’s known as an “eager language”. Because the definition of value is a function call to choice, the arguments of choice must be fully evaluated, and of course none of them are yet. If we just move the definition below matchNum, matchStr, and matchArray, we’ll have the same problem with value not being defined before matchArray wants to use it.

We can get around JavaScript’s eagerness by using recursiveParser, which takes a function that returns a parser:

const value = recursiveParser(() => choice ([
  matchNum,
  matchStr,
  matchArray
]));

const betweenSquareBrackets = between (char ('[')) (char (']'));
const commaSeparated = sepBy (char (','));

const matchNum = digits;
const matchStr = letters;
const matchArray = betweenSquareBrackets (commaSeparated (value));

Fantasy Land

This library implements the following Fantasy Land (v3) interfaces:

Every parser, or parser made from composing parsers has a .of, .map, .chain, and .ap method.

Equivalent Operations

of

Parser.of(42)

// is equivalent to

succeedWith (42)

map

letters.map (fn)

// is equivalent to

pipeParsers ([ letters, mapTo (fn) ])

chain

letters.chain (x => someOtherParser)

// is equivalent to

pipeParsers ([ letters, decide (x => someOtherParser) ])

ap

letters.ap (Parser.of (fn))

// is equivalent to

pipeParsers ([
  sequenceOf ([ succeedWith (fn), letters ]),
  mapTo (([fn, x]) => fn(x))
]);

Name

The name is also derived from parsec, which in astronomical terms is an “astronomical unit [that] subtends an angle of one arcsecond”.